[Outcome, quality of life and functional assessment after perineal and external genitalia gangrene]. / Prise en charge de la gangrène des organes génitaux externes et du périnée : résultats, qualité de vie et évaluation fonctionnelle.

INTRODUCTION: External genitalia gangrene is a well-known uncommon disease; however, mortality remains important. Recent literature focuses on early management. The object of this study was to assess quality of life and disease-specific function, in the medium- and long-term. METHOD: We evaluated retrospectively adult inpatients with external genitalia gangrene who had a surgical debridement between 2010 and 2020 at CHU de Poitiers. Preoperatory FGSI Score was calculated for patients included. In a second phase, surviving patients at 2020 who had agreed to take part in the follow-up were assessed by clinical examination, and asked to complete Short-Form 36 test and two additional disease-specific questionnaire (USP, IIEF5). RESULTS: The patients consisted of 33 men. Mean age was 61.18. Eleven patients (33%) died primarily from external genitalia gangrene. Median FGSI score was 6 (1-13). We were able to reach 11 patients (33%) for secondary clinical revaluation. Time before revaluation was 3months to 8years. All parts of SF-36 were significantly low. Mean USP score was 1.27±2.68/4.54±4.43/0.72±1.84. Nine patients (81%) suffered erectile dysfunction without any sexual intercourse possible. CONCLUSION: Patients with external genitalia gangrene experience severe deterioration of their quality of life. Multidisciplinary healthcare process should systematically be carried out, as so as early screening of vulnerability risks factors, to improve functional outcomes and quality of life.

A retrospective analysis of controlled active motion (CAM) versus modified Kleinert/Duran (modKD) rehabilitation protocol in flexor tendon repair (zones I and II) in a single center.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze primary flexor tendon repair results in zones I and II, comparing the rupture rate and clinical outcomes of the controlled active motion (CAM) protocol with the modified Kleinert/Duran (mKD) protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent surgery with traumatic flexor tendon lacerations in zones I and II were divided in three groups according to the type of rehabilitation protocol and period of management: group 1 included patients who underwent CAM rehabilitation protocol with six-strand Lim and Tsai suture after May 2014. Group 2 and 3 included patients treated by six-strand Lim Tsai suture followed by a modified Kleinert/Duran (modK/D) protocol with additional place and hold exercises between 2003 and 2005 (group 2) and between 2011 and 2013 (group 3). RESULTS: Rupture rate was 4.7% at 12 weeks in group 1 (3/63 flexor tendon repairs) compared to 2% (1/51 flexor tendon repairs) in group 2 and 8% in group 3 (7/86 flexor tendon repairs). The grip strength at 12 weeks was significantly better in group 2 compared to the group 1 (35 kg/25 kg, p = 0.006). The TAM in group 1 [113° (30-175°)] was significantly worse (p < 0.001) than the TAM in group 2 [141° (90-195°)] but with similar extension deficits in both groups. The assessment of range of motion by the original Strickland classification system resulted in 20% excellent and 15% good outcomes in the CAM group 1 compared with 42% and 36% in the modK/D group 2. Subanalysis demonstrated improvement of good/excellent results according to Strickland from 45% at 3 months to 63.6% after 6-month follow-up in the CAM group. CONCLUSION: The gut feeling that lead to change in our rehabilitation protocol could be explained by the heterogenous bias. A precise outcome analysis of group 1 could underline that in patients with complex hand trauma, nerve reconstruction, oedema or early extension deficit, an even more intensive and individual rehabilitation has to be performed to achieve better TAM at 6 or 12 weeks. Our study explicitly demonstrated a significant better outcome in the modK/D group compared to CAM group. This monocenter study is limited by its retrospective nature and the low number of patients.

[Flap harvest training on a new ultrarealistic simulation model: In-training operator feedback about a pulsating reperfused and reventilated cadaver Simlife®]. / Prélèvement des lambeaux sur sujet anatomique et nouveau modèle de simulation ultra-réaliste : retour d'expérience d'un opérateur en formation sur corps reperfusé pulsatile et reventilé Simlife®.

INTRODUCTION: The anatomical subject is still a key element to learn complex procedures in plastic surgery. We present here the evaluation of an in-training operator on a SIMLIFE® model, hyper realistic model consisting in human bodies donated to science equipped with pulsating recirculation and reventilation device. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From February 2019 to October 2019, 8 forearm flaps with radial proximal pedicle were harvested by the learner on a SIMLIFE® model. Conditions were as close as possible to the operating room : asepsy, sterile draping, assistant and instrumentation including electrocoagulation. RESULTS: The procedure was decomposed in 13 distinct steps. Mean total surgery time was 90,5±11,62minutes. There was only one case of arterial pedicle lesion resulting in major blood leak. Bleeding was measured by fake blood loss from the SIMLIFE® console. Mean intraoperatoy bleeding was 171±108 milliliters. We review pros and cons of this new technology particulary suited for complex plastic and reconstructive surgery training. CONCLUSION: Using SIMLIFE® technology we have a new mean to train for complex procedures in plastic and reconstructive surgery. This new technology could be applied to numerous other surgical procedures. Broader applications are still limited by cost and cadaver use legislation.

Use of a skin perforator flap pedicled by the intercostal muscle for reconstruction of a posterior cervical defect.

A posterior cervical defect featuring exposed spinal and occipital bone can be covered in various ways. The "ideal" flap should be a low-morbidity, pedicled locoregional flap that can reach the occiput. Cervical adjuvant radiation therapy may limit the coverage options, because many pedicles are located in areas that are often irradiated. Here, we describe a new surgical technique; we used a skin perforator flap pedicled by the intercostal muscle to cover a posterior cervical defect in a patient with metastatic squamous cell lung carcinoma. This technique is a valuable option; the flap originated from outside the irradiated area and reached the occiput. It adds to the options for cervical coverage in patients who require head-and-neck reconstruction. EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE: Level V: opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.

SimLife model: introducing a new teaching device in endocrine surgery simulation.

To evaluate the validity and reliability of an innovative training model for endocrine surgical procedures. A simulator training model for endocrine procedures (SimLife) was developed at an academic center. The model consisted of a realistic operating environment with a coherent simulated patient dynamized by pulsatile vascularization with simulated blood warmed to 37 °C, and ventilation. Training sessions were designed for adrenal and thyroid surgery, as well as neck dissection. The primary outcome of interest was to evaluate learners' performance and satisfaction. Learners' performance was evaluated based on a scoring scale that followed the Downing method for the assessment of competency. While learners' satisfaction was evaluated using a Likert scale of 1 to 10 on four items (ease of learning, anatomic correspondence of landmarks, realism, and overall satisfaction). Participants were engaged in 32 training sessions. These included 24 adrenalectomies (conventional and laparoscopic both transabdominal and posterior), and 4 thyroid lobectomies with concomitant functional lateral compartment neck dissection. competency scores were procedure-specific addressing specific core components of a given procedure. Learners' performance scored above average in all procedures evaluated. Satisfaction scores for the specified four items ranged between 8.43 (SD 0.87) and 8.89 (SD 0.96). No major events were reported for the adrenalectomies, while only one jugular vein injury occurred during neck dissection. SimLife is a hyper-realistic training model that allows for satisfactory acquisition of skills and the evaluation of performance progression. It has the potential to become a cornerstone in specialized surgical training.

[Male to female sex reassignment surgery with a new surgical simulation device using a human perfused cadaver SIMLIFE®: New paradigm in transsexual surgery education ?] / Aïdoïopoïèse sur modèle cadavérique humain revascularisé pulsatile et ventilé SIMLIFE® : cas isolé ou futur changement de paradigme en chirurgie de réassignation génitale ?

INTRODUCTION: In 2015, we reported our experience with the learning curve in genital reassignment surgery and highlighted a four-step learning concept. CLINICAL CASE: In this article, we present our first vaginoplasty performed on a humanoid model SIMLIFE®, a human body associated with a pulsating circulation device and a ventilation device. RESULTS: The surgical technique included 14 steps. The total surgical time was 182minutes. There was no intraoperative complication, and there was no damage to the urethra or rectum. The intraoperative bleeding measured by the loss of operative fluid was 280mL. We discuss the advantages of this technology perfectly adapted to transsexual surgery. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated the feasibility of vaginoplasty performed on a humanoid model SIMLIFE® and highlighted improvement of the surgical skills with this model. This technology could find many other surgical applications. However, it faces cost constraints and legislation on corpses.

[Bilateral breast reduction and obesity: What is the ideal resection enabling significant improvement in back pain according to the body mass index?] / Mastoplastie bilatérale de réduction et obésité : quel est le poids de résection idéal pour obtenir une amélioration significative des douleurs rachidiennes en fonction de l'indice de masse corporelle ?

INTRODUCTION: Dorsal pain is the first symptoms about which patients with macromasty complain. Health insurance reimbursement takes place if the resection weight is at least 300grams per breast. However, this weight is not correlated with the body mass index (BMI). In this context, we sought to determine the ideal resection weight leading to significant BMI-based improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a multicentre prospective study of patients operated between November 2016 and July 2017. In the year following the surgical procedure, we studied overall improvement using the INDIC questionnaire. Any INDIC improvement of at least 50% was considered positive. These data were then compared to tissue resection weights and BMI. In order to refine our results, age, bra size, comorbidities and complications were also identified. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were included in our study. Average age was 41.5±11.4years. Average BMI was 27.9±4.1kg/m2. The bra cap chosen after the procedure were C. Average resection weight was 663±352g per breast. The preoperative and postoperative INDIC scores were 734.9±226.6 points and 225.3±319.1 points, respectively (P=0.001). Significant improvement was achieved at 12months in 71.8% of patients. A correlation of 38.7g/kg/m2 was found between breast resection weight and BMI. CONCLUSION: This study clarifies the correlation between the breast resection weight required to relieve optimal back pain and BMI. It defines three categories of patients: patients with standard weights (1830). Overweight and obese patients require greater tissue excretion to be relieved optimally. These findings underline a need to adjust the health insurance threshold for these types of patients.

Indications, functional results and patient satisfaction after isolated second ray resection following traumatic injury: A retrospective review of 25 patients.

Amputation of the second ray is a surgical treatment option when reconstruction and/or reimplantation fail. The aim of our study was to review the outcomes after transmetacarpal resection of the second ray following a post-traumatic injury and to assess indications, functional outcomes, and patient satisfaction. Between January 2003 and December 2013, 25 patients (6 women and 19 men with a mean age of 51 years) underwent transmetacarpal resection of their second ray after a post-traumatic injury. Sixteen patients were right-handed and 9 were left-handed. Injuries involved the dominant hand in 14 cases (60%). In order to differentiate patients with preserved index finger length preoperatively from those with a shorter, amputated index finger stump, patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 included those with an "intact finger" and Group 2 included patients with an "amputated stump". Data collection, including patient satisfaction and functional outcomes, was performed at 83 months postoperative on average. Average length of follow-up was 7.0±1.0 years (range 5-12 years). Group 1 (intact finger) and 2 (amputated stump) included 15 and 10 patients, respectively. Six patients (24%) had primary ray amputation and 19 (76%) had secondary ray amputation. No surgical revision was necessary. In Group 1, the indications were purely functional in all but two cases, whereas aesthetic indications played a role in all patients in Group 2. The average total time off work was 3 months. There was no difference between Group 1 and 2 (P>0.05). However, patients with primary ray resection averaged 10 weeks of lost work compared to 17 weeks for secondary amputation. There was no functional difference between Groups 1 and 2. Scores for cosmetic appearance and patient satisfaction were higher in Group 2. In certain specific situations after complex hand trauma, transmetacarpal amputation of the second ray is indicated as soon as possible, in order to reduce the time off work. Patient satisfaction following this surgical procedure is high, especially in groups with amputated stumps. A 30% decrease in pinch and grip strength is the rule. No secondary surgery is normally required.

Intra-articular nodular fasciitis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of a finger: A case report.

Nodular fasciitis is a benign reactive lesion, often mistaken for a soft-tissue sarcoma in clinical practice. Involvement of the finger is rare, and a finger joint even rarer. We report on the clinical, radiological and histological features of intra-articular nodular fasciitis in a 52-year-old man, originating from the proximal interphalangeal joint of the right ring finger, with cortical erosion of adjacent bone. The discussion is focused on the tumor diagnosis and therapeutic approach, the differential diagnosis and the importance of immunohistochemical staining to establish the final diagnosis.

Is Salvage of Recently Infected Breast Implant After Breast Augmentation or Reconstruction Possible? An Experimental Study.

INTRODUCTION: The reinsertion of an infected implant when peri-prosthetic infection occurs early after breast augmentation or breast reconstruction remains controversial. In this experimental study, the authors tried to remove bacteria, and their biofilm, from the colonized surface of breast prostheses, without damaging their integrity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 112 shell samples of silicone breast prostheses, smooth (SPSS) and textured (TPSS), were colonized by S. epidermidis (SE) or S. aureus (SA) strains, all able to produce biofilms. After 15 days, all the samples were removed from the contaminated culture broth and constituted 4 groups of 20 contaminated samples: SPSS/SE (group I), SPSS/SA (group II), TPSS/SE (group III), TPSS/SE (group IV). In another group-group SEM-, 16 colonized samples were used for documentation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The remaining 16 samples were used to test the limits of detection of the sterility test. All samples of groups I-IV and 8 samples of group SEM were « washed ¼ with a smooth brush in a povidone-iodine bath and rinsed with saline solution. A subset of the washed samples was sent for SEM and the others were immersed in sterile broth and were incubated at 35 °C for 3 weeks (groups I-IV). RESULTS: Fifteen days after contamination, all the samples in groups I-IV were colonized. In the SEM group, SEM images attested to the presence of bacteria in biofilm attached to the shells. After cleaning, SEM did not reveal any bacteria and there was no visible alteration in the outer structure of the shell. Sterility tests performed after decontamination in groups I-IV remained negative for all the samples. CONCLUSION: Breast prostheses recently contaminated with Staphylococci, frequently involved in peri-prosthetic breast implant infection and capable of producing biofilms, can be efficiently decontaminated by the procedure used in this study. Our decontamination procedure did not alter the surface structure of the prostheses. This decontamination procedure could allow reinsertion of an infected implant when peri-prosthetic infection occurs early after breast augmentation or breast reconstruction and when a salvage procedure is indicated. NO LEVEL ASSIGNED: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Composite neuromusculo-fasciocutaneous triceps brachii free flap for complex foot reconstructive surgery.

Since it was first described by Song in 1982, then by Katsaros in 1984, the lateral arm flap has become a workhorse technique for upper limb reconstruction. Herein we describe a clinical case of complex foot defect and bring up the possibility of using a composite neuromusculo-fasciocutaneous lateral arm/triceps free flap for its reconstruction. A 19-year-old male nonsmoker suffered ballistic trauma to his right foot with open multifragment Gustilo-IIIb fractures of the first to fifth metatarsal bones. Two weeks after debridement and V.A.C.™ therapy performed in another hospital, we decided to reconstruct the remaining defect with a neuromusculo-fasciocutaneous medial triceps/lateral arm free flap anastomosed with the anterior tibial pedicle. The posterior brachial cutaneous nerve was sutured to a sensory branch of the superficial fibular nerve. The advantages and drawbacks of this technique are discussed and other options for this type of complex foot reconstruction are reviewed. After 3 years' follow-up, the metatarsal bones were consolidated without residual defect or chronic infection. The foot had sensation with full mobility and no pain. At the donor site, there was no complaint of scarring. Elbow extension/flexion was 0-0-130. Wrist extension/flexion was 60-0-60 and there was no extension deficit of the metacarpophalangeal joints. The composite neuromusculo-fasciocutaneous triceps brachii free flap was an excellent option for this complex foot defect. The choice of this reconstructive procedure among other options was made during our reconstruction board meeting while taking the patient's specific condition and our own experiences into account.

[Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP®) incidence of complications in breast reconstructive surgery: A retrospective comparative analysis]. / Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP®) et incidence des complications en reconstruction mammaire: une étude rétrospective contrôlée.

INTRODUCTION: On 29 March 2010, the Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP(®)) breast prosthesis was withdrawn from the market by the ANSM. In this study we review our experience with PIP(®) implants in breast reconstruction. We compare our complications with other types of breast implants used during the same period at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This is a retrospective study conducted at the Hospital René Huguenin of the Institut Curie (Paris, France). It includes 327 prostheses, from 268 patients who underwent surgery for breast reconstruction between February 2008 and February 2012: 69 PIP(®) (Group 1), 82 Mentor(®) (Group 2) and 179 Allergan(®) (Group 3). The objective of the study was to compare the rates of early and late complications for each prosthesis. Our results are compared with the current literature. RESULTS: With regard to the rate of early complications (hematoma, infection, seroma, wound dehiscence), no difference was observed between the three groups (P not significant). However, the study found that 100% of the 13 PIP(®) implants with early complications required surgical revision. There were too few late complications (capsular contracture, prosthetic rupture) in our cohort to allow statistical comparison between the three groups (P not significant). We compare our results with the current literature. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the lack of significant difference in the occurrence of early adverse events between the three groups of implants. This may explain the time taken for surgeons to become aware there was a problem with the PIP(®) implants. The low rate of late complications in our series does not allow statistical analysis between the three groups of implants.

Double crush syndrome of the median nerve revealing a primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.

Extranodal manifestations of lymphoma are well described in the literature and occur in 20 to 30% of patients. Skeletal muscle involvement is rare. We describe the case of a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in a forearm muscle. At the age of 86, the featured patient started experiencing continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that was more frequent at night and localized in the right dominant hand. It was associated with paresthesia and hypoesthesia, primarily in the thumb, index finger and middle finger. Clinical examination and electrodiagnosis led to the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient underwent carpal tunnel release at a private hand center. The progression was unfavorable. Additional clinical examination and electrodiagnosis showed compression of the anterior interosseous nerve (double crush syndrome). The patient was referred to our university hand center for further management. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large mass of about 20cm occupying the entire anterior compartment of the forearm and enclosing the median nerve. Biopsies were performed and revealed a diffuse large B-cell primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Six months later, the patient was in complete remission. Muscular involvement during lymphoma is rare. Biopsy is mandatory; needless radical surgery can be avoided because lymphoma is primarily a non-surgical disease. The key points of the treatment process are reviewed.

Neurotized lateral gastrocnemius muscle transfer for persistent traumatic peroneal nerve palsy: Surgical technique.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent traumatic peroneal nerve palsy, following nerve surgery failure, is usually treated by tendon transfer or more recently by tibial nerve transfer. However, when there is destruction of the tibial anterior muscle, an isolated nerve transfer is not possible. In this article, we present the key steps and surgical tips for the Ninkovic procedure including transposition of the neurotized lateral gastrocnemius muscle with the aim of restoring active voluntary dorsiflexion. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: The transposition of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle to the tendons of the anterior tibial muscle group, with simultaneous transposition of the intact proximal end of the deep peroneal nerve to the tibial nerve of the gastrocnemius muscle by microsurgical neurorrhaphy is performed in one stage. It includes 10 key steps which are described in this article. Since 1994, three clinical series have highlighted the advantages of this technique. Functional and subjective results are discussed. We review the indications and limitations of the technique. CONCLUSION: Early clinical results after neurotized lateral gastrocnemius muscle transfer appear excellent; however, they still need to be compared with conventional tendon transfer procedures. Clinical studies are likely to be conducted in this area largely due to the frequency of persistant peroneal nerve palsy and the limitations of functional options in cases of longstanding peripheral nerve palsy, anterior tibial muscle atrophy or destruction.

Endoscopically assisted proximal radial nerve decompression: surgical technique.

STATE OF THE ART: The proximal radial nerve compression syndrome includes supinator syndrome and proximal radial nerve constrictions. This article presents a new endoscopic assisted radial nerve decompression surgical technique described for the first time by Leclère et al. in 2013. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Endoscopic scissor decompression of the proximal radial nerve is always performed under plexus anaesthesia. It includes 8 key steps documented in this article. We review the indications and limitations of the surgical technique. CONCLUSION: Early clinical results after endoscopic assisted decompression of the radial nerve appear excellent. However, they still need to be compared with conventional techniques. Clinical studies are likely to widely develop because of the mini-invasive nature of this new surgical technique.

[The Linburg-Comstock phenomenon: a review]. / Die Linburg-Comstock-Variante: Eine Übersicht.

Simultaneous flexion of thumb and fingers is described as the Linburg-Comstock phenomenon. Congenital and acquired coupling of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons is the reason for this clinical entity. Additionally, coupling of the FPL and the flexor digitorum superficialis II or III has been described. The coupling can be between the muscles, the tendon sheaths or the tendons themselves. Asymptomatic and symptomatic coupling should be differentiated. In general symptomatic congenital or acquired coupling demands surgical intervention. We report about a 35-year-old patient with a congenital asymptomatic coupling of FPL and FDP-II who suffered a distorsion of the thumb. Afterwards she complained of pain and strength loss. An accessory tendon of 3 mm in diameter and 3.5 cm length between FPL and FDP-II was identified during surgery. The patient recovered completely after resection of this coupling.

[Symptomatic carpal coalition of scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid with coexisting ipsilateral hypoplasia of the thumb]. / Symptomatische karpale Koalition zwischen Os scaphoideum, Os trapezium und Os trapezoideum mit ipsilateraler Daumenhypoplasie.

We present the case of a 54-year-old woman with symptomatic coalition of scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid as well as a coexisting ipsilateral hypoplasia of the thumb.

Does preoperative subscapularis fatty muscle infiltration really matter in anterosuperior rotator cuff tears repair outcomes? A prospective multicentric study.

INTRODUCTION: Anterosuperior (AS) rotator cuff tear describes a combined tear of the subscapularis and the supraspinatus tendons. We hypothesized that results after AS tendon repairs might be influenced by the size of the subscapularis rupture and the preoperative subscapularis muscle fatty infiltration. METHODS: A prospective multicentric study of 53 AS rotator cuff tears from five centers was performed (January 2008-January 2009). Subscapularis tendon retraction and fatty infiltration were assessed preoperatively. An ultrasonographic healing control was performed 1 year after surgery. RESULTS: Patients were on average 60 years (range, 43-75 years) and were operated on average 16 months (range, 2-72 months) after the beginning of their symptoms. The incidence of AS tears was found to be 18%. Average follow-up was 15 months (range, 12-24). The Constant-Murley (CM) score for the patients with AS ruptures improved significantly from 49 points (range, 35-51 points) preoperatively to 73 points postoperatively (range, 50-95 points)(P=0.0205). CM score gains were 26 for Lafosse group 1 ruptures and 29 for Lafosse group 2 & 3 with pre- and postoperative P values at P<0.0000001 and P<0.000001, respectively. The last follow-up CM score according to the subscapularis fatty infiltration was 70 (range, 48-95) for groups 0-1, 70 (range, 56-87) for group 2, and 56 (range, 53-88) for groups 3-4 with pre- and postoperative P values at P<0.001, P<0.001, and P<0.004, respectively. The global retear rate was 6%. DISCUSSION: Our study showed that the CM score after repairs of AS rotator cuff tears was lower in advanced subscapularis fatty infiltration. However, gains in CM scores were similar whatever the initial subscapularis fatty infiltration. The rate of tendon healing was correlated with subscapularis fatty infiltration. Subscapularis tendon rupture size was not significantly correlated with outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

[Endoscopically assisted decompression of the median nerve in the pronator and Kiloh-Nevin syndrome: Surgical technique]. / Décompression du nerf médian assistée par endoscopie dans le syndrome pronateur et le syndrome de Kiloh-Nevin : technique chirurgicale.

STATE OF THE ART: The proximal median nerve compression syndrome includes the pronator teres and the Kiloh-Nevin syndrome. This article presents a new surgical technique of endoscopic assisted median nerve decompression. MATERIAL AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Endoscopic scissor decompression of the median nerve is always performed under plexus anaesthesia. It includes 6 key steps documented in this article. We review the indications and limitations of the surgical technique. RESULTS: Since 2011, three clinical series have highlighted the advantages of this technique. Functional and subjective results are discussed. We also review the limitations of the technique and its potential for future development. CONCLUSION: Although clinical results after endoscopic assisted decompression of the median nerve appear excellent they still need to be compared with conventional techniques. Clinical studies are likely to develop primarily due to the mini-invasive nature of this new surgical technique.